Stephan Mueller Special Publication Series www.stephan-mueller-spec-publ-ser.net 1868-4556 1868-4564 4 Geology, geophysics and tectonics of Northeastern Russia: a tribute to Leonid Parfenov 2009 10.5194/smsps-4-117-2009 http://www.stephan-mueller-spec-publ-ser.net/4/117/2009/ http://www.stephan-mueller-spec-publ-ser.net/4/117/2009/smsps-4-117-2009.html http://www.stephan-mueller-spec-publ-ser.net/4/117/2009/smsps-4-117-2009.pdf 117 145 2009-09-17 Seismotectonics of the Chersky Seismic Belt, eastern Sakha Republic (Yakutia) and Magadan District, Russia K. Fujita fujita@msu.edu B. M. Koz'min K. G. Mackey S. A. Riegel M. S. McLean V. S. Imaev Department of Geological Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Institute of Diamonds and Precious Metal Geology, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, 39 Lenin Prospekt, Yakutsk, Sakha Republic (Yakutia), 677891, Russia now at: Joint Functional Component Command for Space, Vandenberg Air Force Base, CA 93437, USA now at: SubTerra, Inc., 218 East North Bend Way, North Bend, WA 98045, USA now at: Institute of the Earth's Crust, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, 128 Lermontova, Irkutsk 664033, Russia The Chersky seismic belt represents a zone of deformation between the North American and Eurasian plates in northeast Russia. The belt extends from the Laptev Sea into the Chersky Range where it splits into two branches. One branch extends to Kamchatka and the Aleutian-Kurile Junction, while the other branch extends south towards Sakhalin Island. Focal mechanisms indicate a change from extension to transpression in the northern Verkhoyansk Range and generally left-lateral transpression in the Chersky Range extending to northern Kamchatka. The few focal mechanisms on the second branch suggest right-lateral transpression. A large number of faults, sub-parallel to the seismicity and presumed to be strike-slip, are visible in satellite imagery and topographic maps and are also associated with seismically generated landslides. <br><br> These data support a model in which the Sea of Okhotsk forms the core of a separate Okhotsk microplate surrounded by diffuse boundaries on the north and west. Microseismicity in continental northeast Russia is most heavily concentrated within and between the fault systems along the northern boundary of the proposed Okhotsk plate and indicates a high level of deformation. The sense of slip on the faults (both from focal mechanisms and geology) are also generally consistent with the extrusion of the Okhotsk plate to the southeast as it is compressed between its larger neighbors. The northernmost part of the Okhotsk plate may be decoupled to some degree from the more stable central Sea of Okhotsk. Akinin, V. V. and Apt, Y. E.: Late Cenozoic alkali-basic volcanism in northeast Russia, in: Magmatism and Mineralization in Northeast Russia, edited by: Byalobzheskii, S. G., SVKNII DVO RAN, Magadan, 155–174, 1997 \mbox(in Russian). Apel, E. V., Bürgmann, R., Steblov, G., Vasilenko, N., King, R., and Prytkov, A.: Independent active microplate tectonics of northeast Asia from GPS velocities and block modeling, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L11303, doi:10.1029/2006GL026077, 2006. Argus, D. F. and Heflin, M. B.: Plate motion and crustal deformation estimated with geodetic data from the Global Positioning System, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 1973–1976, 1995. Artamonov, V. V. and Mishina, L. V.: Recording capabilities of the seismic station network in the northeast USSR, in: Seismic Processes in the Northeast USSR, edited by: Shilo, N. A., Vashchilov, Y. Y., Lin'kova, T. I., and Akhlamova, N. N., SVKNII DVO AN SSSR, Magadan, 99–115, 1984 \mbox(in Russian). Avetisov, G. P.: Seismicity of the Laptev Sea and its connection with the seismicity of the Eurasia basin, Tektonika Arktiki, 1, 31–36, 1975 \mbox(in Russian). Avetisov, G. P.: Hypocenters and focal mechanisms of earthquakes of the Lena River delta and its surroundings, Vulkanologiya i Seismologiya, 1991(6), 59–69, 1991 \mbox(in Russian). Avetisov, G. P.: Some aspects of lithospheric dynamics of Laptev Sea, Izv.-Phys. Solid Eart+, 29, 402–412, 1993. Avetisov, G. P.: Seismoactive Zones of the Arctic, VNIIOkeanologiya, Sankt Peterburg, 1996 \mbox(in Russian). Avetisov, G. P.: Yet again on the earthquakes of the Laptev Sea, Geologo-Geofizichiskie Kharakhteristiki Litosfery Arkticheskogo Regiona, 3, 104–113, 2000 \mbox(in Russian). Balakina, L. M., Vvedenskaya, A. V., Golubeva, N. V., Misharina, L. A., and Shirokova, E. I.: Field of the Earth's Elastic Stresses and Mechanism of Earthquake Foci, Nauka, Moscow, 1972 \mbox(in Russian). Balakina, L. M., Zakharova, A. I., Moskvina, A. G., and Chepkunas, L. S.: Investigations of focal mechanisms of strong crustal earthquakes of northern Eurasia, 1927–1991, Seismichnost' i Seismicheskoe Raionirovanie Severnoi Evrazii, 1, 123–131, 1993 \mbox(in Russian). Bekker, A. G., Palymskii, B. F., Sharafan, V. Y., and Kirsanov, A. N.: On the structure and gold potential of the Seimchan-Buyunda basin, Materialy po Geologii i Poleznym Iskopaemym Severo-Vostoka SSSR, 24, 112–118, 1978 \mbox(in Russian). Biswas, N. N., Pujol, J., Tytgat, G., and Dean, K.: Synthesis of Seismicity Studies for Western Alaska, Final Report for NOAA Contract NA81-RAC00112, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, 1983. Bobrovnikov, V. A. and Izmailov, L. I.: Present-day structure and geodynamics of the Earth's crust of the southeastern part of the Yana-Kolyma system, in: Geophysical Investigations for the Solution of Geologic Problems, edited by: Lin'kova, T. I. and Krasnyi, L. L., SVKNII DVO AN SSSR, Magadan, 5–23, 1989 \mbox(in Russian). Bourgeois, J., Pinegina, T. K., Ponomareva, V., and Zaretskaya, N.: Holocene tsunamis in the southwestern Bering Sea, Russian Far East, and their tectonic implications, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 118, 449–463, 2006. Chapman, M. E. and Solomon, S. C.: North American – Eurasian plate boundary in northeast Asia, J. Geophys. Res., 81, \mbox921–930, 1976. Cochran, J. R., Kurras, G. J., Edwards, M. H., and Coakley, B. J.: The Gakkel Ridge: Bathymetry, gravity anomalies, and crustal accretion at extremely slow spreading rates, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B2), 2116, doi:10.1029/2002JB001830, 2003. Cook, D. B.: Seismology and Tectonics of the North American Plate in the Arctic: Northeast Siberia and Alaska, Ph.D. dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 1988. Cook, D. B., Fujita, K., and McMullen, C. A.: Present-day plate interactions in northeast Asia: North American, Eurasian, and Okhotsk plates, J. Geodyn., 6, 33–51, 1986. DeMets, C., Gordon, R. G., Argus, D. F., and Stein, S.: Current plate motions, Geophys. J. Int., 101, 425–478, 1990. DeMets, C.: A test of present-day plate geometries for northeast Asia and Japan, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 17 627–17 635, 1992. Devyatkin, V. N.: Heat Flow of the Cryolitic Zone of Siberia, Nauka, Novosibirsk, 1993 \mbox(in Russian). Drachev, S. S., Savostin, L. A., Groshev, V. G., and Bruni, I. E.: Structure and geology of the continental shelf of the Laptev Sea, eastern Russian Arctic, Tectonophysics, 298, 357–393, 1998. Dziewonski, A. M., Chou, T.-A., and Woodhouse, J. H.: Determination of earthquake source parameters from waveform data for studies of global and regional seismicity, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 2825–2852, 1981. Dziewonski, A. M., Ekstrom, G., Franzen, J. E., and Woodhouse, J H.: Global seismicity of 1980: centroid-moment tensor solutions for 515 earthquakes, Phys. Earth Planet. In., 50, 127–154, 1988. England, P. and Jackson, J.: Active deformation in the continents, Annu. Rev. Earth Pl. Sc., 17, 197–226, 1989. Filson, J. and Frasier, C. W.: The source of a Siberian earthquake, EOS T. Am. Geophys. Un., 53, 1041, 1972. Fournier, M., Jolivet, L., Huchon, P., Sergeyev, K. F., and Oscorbin, L. S.: Neogene strike-slip faulting in Sakhalin and the Japan Sea opening, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 2701–2725, 1994. Franke, D., Krüger, F., and Klinge, K.: Tectonics of the Laptev Sea – Moma "Rift" region: investigation with seismologic broadband data, J. Seismol., 4, 99–116, 2000. Fujita, K.: Peaceful nuclear explosions in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia, Seismol. Res. Lett., 66(3), 20–24, 1995. Fujita, K., Cook, D. B., Hasegawa, H., Forsyth, D., and Wetmiller, R.: Seismicity and focal mechanisms of the Arctic region and the North American plate boundary in Asia, in: The Geology of North America, v. L., The Arctic Ocean Region, edited by: Grantz, A., Johnson, G. L., and Sweeney, J. F., Geological Society of America, Boulder, 79–100, 1990a. Fujita, K., Cambray, F. W., and Velbel, M. A.: Tectonics of the Laptev Sea and Moma rift systems, northeastern USSR, Mar. Geol., 93, 95–118, 1990b. Fujita, K., Stone, D. B., Layer, P. W., Parfenov, L. M., and Koz'min, B. M.: Cooperative program helps decipher tectonics of northeast Russia, EOS T. Am. Geophys. Un., 78(24), 245, 252–253, 1997. Fujita, K., Mackey, K. G., Gunbina, L. V., and Koz'min, B. M.: Explosion contamination of the northeast Siberian earthquake catalog: Implications for natural seismicity distributions, EOS T. Am. Geophys. Un., 79(45), suppl., F603, 1998. Fujita, K., Mackey, K. G., McCaleb, R. C., Gunbina, L. V., Kovalev, V. N., Imaev, V. S., and Smirnov, V. N.: The seismicity of Chukotka, northeast Russia, Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap 360, 259–272, 2002a. Fujita, K., McLean, M. S., Mackey, K. G., and Koz'min, B. M.: The 1971 Artyk earthquake: Is the locus of motion changing in northeast Russia?, EOS T. Am. Geophys. Un., 83(47), suppl., F1247, 2002b. Fujita, K., Sella, G., Mackey, K. G., Stein, S., Park, K.-D., and Imaev, V. S.: Relationships between seismicity and GPS determined velocities in northeast Asia, EOS T. Am. Geophys. Un., 85(47), suppl., F667, 2004. Poster published in Stone, D., comp., Origin of Northeastern Russia: Paleomagnetism, Geology, & Tectonics, University of Alaska, Geophysical Institute Rep. UAG-R-330, CD, 2006. Gaiduk, V. V.: Vilyui Middle Paleozoic Rift System, Yakutskii Filial SO AN SSSR, Yakutsk, 1988 \mbox(in Russian). Gaina, C., Roest, W. R., and Müller, R. D.: Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic deformation of northeast Asia, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 197, 273–286, 2002. Global CMT Catalog (formerly Harvard CMT Catalog): Global CMT Web Page, available at: http://www.globalcmt.org, 2008. Godzikovskaya, A. A.: Local Explosions and Earthquakes, EES Rossii, Moscow, 1995 \mbox(in Russian). Godzikovskaya, A. A.: Local Explosions and Earthquakes, EES Rossii, Moscow, 2nd edn., 2000 \mbox(in Russian). Godzikovskaya, A. A. and Lander, A. V.: Are mantle earthquakes possible on Chukotka? Izv.-Phys. Solid Eart+, 27, 1084–1086, 1991. Gordeev, E. I., Gusev, A. A., Levin, V. E., Bakhtiarov, V. F., Pavlov, V. M., Chebrov, V. N., and Kasahara, M.: Preliminary analysis of deformation at the Eurasia-Pacific-North America plate junction from GPS data, Geophys. J. Int., 147, 189–198, 2001. Gordon, R. G.: The plate tectonic approximation: Plate nonrigidity, diffuse plate boundaries, and global plate reconstructions, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sc., 26, 615–642, 1998 Grachev, A. F.: Moma continental rift, Geofizicheskie Metody Razvedki v Arktike, 8, 56–75, 1973 \mbox(in Russian). Grachev, A. F.: Geodynamics of the transitional zone from the Moma rift to the Gakkel ridge, Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. Mem., 34, 103–113, 1982. Grachev, A. F.: Rift Zones of the Earth, Nedra, Moscow, 2nd edn., 1987 \mbox(in Russian). Grachev, A. F. (Ed.): Neotectonic Map of Northern Eurasia, Dept. Inform. Syst., VNIIZarbuzhgeologiya, 6 sheets, scale 1:5 000 000, 1997. Grachev, A. F.: Quaternary volcanism and problems of geodynamics in northeast Asia, Izv.-Phys. Solid Eart+, 35, 705–722, 1999. Grachev, A. F.: Regions of continental rifting, Moma rift, rift structures of the Laptev Sea shelf and problems of the boundary between the North American and Eurasian lithospheric plates, in: Neotectonics, Geodynamics, and Seismicity of Northern Eurasia, edited by: Grachev, A. F., PROBEL, Moscow, 185–205, 2000 \mbox(in Russian). Grachev, A. F.: The Arctic rift system and the boundary between the Eurasian and North American lithospheric plates: New insight to plate tectonic theory, Russ. J. Earth Sc., 5, 307–345, 2003. Gramberg, I. S., Demenitskaya, R. M., and Sekretov, S. B.: System of rift grabens of the Laptev Sea shelf as a missing link of the rift belt of the Gakkel Ridge – Moma Rift, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR+, 311, 689–694, 1990 \mbox(in Russian). Gunbina, L. V., Vorob'eva, E. A., and Bobkov, A. O.: Omsukchan Earthquake of 11 February, 1987, IMGiG DVO AN SSSR, Yuzhno Sakhalinsk, 1988 \mbox(in Russian). Gunbina, L. V., Efremova, L. V., Bobkov, A. O., and Rudik, M. I.: Okhotsk Earthquake of 9 April, 1989, SVKNII DVO AN SSSR, Magadan, 1991 \mbox(in Russian). Gusev, G. S.: Folded Structures and Faults of the Verkhoyansk-Kolyma System of Mesozoides, Nauka, Moscow, 1979 \mbox(in Russian). Gusev, G. S., Mokshantsev, K. B., and Tret'yakov, F. F.: Faults of the Verkhoyansk-Chukotka folded region, in: Fault Tectonics of the Territory of the Yakut ASSR, edited by: Mokshantsev, K. B., Izdanie Yakutskogo Filiala SO AN SSR, Yakutsk, 73–114, 1976 \mbox(in Russian). Heki, K., Miyazaki, S., Takahashi, H., Kasahara, M., Kimata, F., Miura, S., Vasilenko, N. F., Ivashchenko, A., and An, K.-D.: The Amurian plate motion and current plate kinematics in eastern Asia, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 29 147–29 155, 1999. Hindle, D., Fujita, K., and Mackey, K.: Current deformation rates and extrusion of the northwestern Okhotsk plate, northeast Russia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L02306, doi:10.1029/2005GL024814, 2006. Hindle, D., Fujita, K., and Mackey, K.: Deformation of the northwestern Okhotsk plate. How is it happening?, Stephan Mueller Spec. Publ. Ser., this volume, 2009. Imaev, V. S.: Cenozoic thrusts and fold deformation in the Moma basin system, Geol. Geofiz., 1990(7), 118–123, 1990 \mbox(in Russian). Imaev, V. S.: Late Cenozoic overthrusts, reverse faults and folded dislocations of the Chersky seismic belt (eastern Yakutia), Geotectonics, 25, 356–361, 1991. Imaev, V. S., Imaeva, L. P., and Koz'min, B. M.: Active Faults and Seismotectonics of Northeast Yakutia, Yakutskii Nauchnyi Tsentr SO AN SSSR, Yakutsk, 1990 \mbox(in Russian). Imaev, V. S., Imaeva, L. P., Koz'min, B. M., and Fujita, K.: Active faults and recent geodynamics of Yakutian seismic belts, Geotectonics, 28, 146–158, 1994. Imaev, V. S., Imaeva, L. P., and Koz'min, B. M.: Seismotectonic dislocations in seismic belts of Yakutia, Geotectonics, 29, 73–86, 1995. Imaev, V. S., Imaeva, L. P., and Koz'min, B. M.: Stress-deformation conditions of the Earth's crust in the transition zone from ocean to continent in the Arctic part of Yakutia, Otechestv. Geol., 1998(6), 14–18, 1998 \mbox(in Russian). Imaev, V. S., Imaeva, L. P., and Koz'min, B. M.: Seismotectonics of Yakutia, GEOS, Moscow, 2000 \mbox(in Russian). Ivashchenko, A. I., Kuznetsov, D. P., Kim, C. U., Oskorbin, L. S., Poplavskaya, L. N., Poplavskii, A. A., Burymskaya, R. N., Mikhailova, T. G., Strel'tsov, M. I., Sholokhova, A. A., Davydova, N. A., Nagornykh, T. V., Ovchinnikov, V. V., Sadchikova, A. A., Sen, R. S., Kharlamov, A. A., Shalgin, S. V., Fokina, T. A., Efimov, S. A., Khritova, L. I., Koikova, L. F., and Levin, Y. N.: Neftegorsk earthquake of 27(28) May, 1995, on Sakhalin, in: Federal System of Seismological Observations and Earthquake Prediction, Special Issue, Neftegorsk Earthquake of 27(28) May, 1995, edited by: Strakhov, V. N., MChS Rossii, Moscow, 48–67, 1995 \mbox(in Russian). Jackson, J. and McKenzie, D.: The relationship between plate motions and seismic moment tensors, and the rates of active deformation in the Mediterranean and Middle East, Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. S., 93, 45–74, 1988. Jemsek, J. P., Bergman, E. A., Nabelek, J. L., and Solomon, S. C.: Focal depths and mechanisms of large earthquakes on the Arctic mid-ocean ridge system, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 13 993–14 005, 1986. Jolivet, L., Fournier, M., and Huchon, P.: Cenozoic intracontinental dextral motion in the Okhotsk-Japan Sea region, Tectonics, 11, 968–977, 1992. Khromovskikh, V. S., Solonenko, V. P., Semenov, R. M., and Zhilkin, V. M.: Paleoseismogeology of the Greater Caucasus, Nauka, Moscow, 1979 \mbox(in Russian). Kim, B. I.: Structural continuation of the rift valley of Gakkel Ridge on the Laptev shelf, in: Structure and History of Development of the Arctic Ocean, edited by: Egiazarov, B. K. and Kazmin, Y. B., Sevmorgeologiya, Leningrad, 133–139, 1986 \mbox(in Russian). Kochetkov, B. M.: Seismicity of Yakutia, Nauka, Moscow, 1966 \mbox(in Russian). Kogan, M. G., Steblov, G. M., King, R. W., Herring, T. A., Frolov, D. I., Egorov, S. G., Levin, V. Y., Lerner-Lam, A., and Jones, A.: Geodetic constraints on the rigidity and relative motion of Eurasia and North America, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2041–2044, 2000. Koshkarev, V. L. and Kuznetsov, V. M.: On the problem of the formation of deposits in neotectonic basins (according to geologic-geophysical data), in: Actual Problems of the Geology of Deposits of Mineral Resources of the Northeast USSR, Ministerstvo Geologii RSFSR, Moscow, 102–111, 1986 \mbox(in Russian). Kovachev, S. A., Kuzin, I. P, and Soloviev, S. L.: Short-term study of microseismicity in the Guba Buorkhaya, Laptev Sea, using ocean bottom seismographs, Izv.-Phys. Solid Eart+, 30, 647–658, 1994. Kovalev, V. N. (Ed.): Study of the Seismic Regime of the Territory of the Northeast of the USSR (Report on Work Conducted by EMSD NEISRI in 1990), SVKNII, Magadan, 1991 \mbox(in Russian). Kovalev, V. N. (Ed.): Study of the Seismic Regime of the Territory of Northeast Russia (Report on Work Conducted by EMSD NEISRI in 1992), SVKNII, Magadan, 1993 \mbox(in Russian). Kozhurin, A. I.: Active faulting at the Eurasian, North American and Pacific plates junction, Tectonophysics, 380, 273–285, 2004. Koz'min, B. M.: Seismic Belts of Yakutia and the Focal Mechanisms of Their Earthquakes, Nauka, Moscow, 1984 \mbox(in Russian). Koz'min, B. M.: Earthquakes of Yakutia, in: Earthquakes in the USSR in 1984, edited by: Kondorskaya, N. V., Nauka, Moscow, 146–150, 1987 \mbox(in Russian). Koz'min, B. M., Andreev, T. A., Dareshkina, N. M., Yugova, R. S.: Earthquakes of Yakutia and the Northeast, in: Earthquakes of the USSR in 1972, edited by: Gorbunova, I. V., Kondorskaya, N. V., and Shebalin, I. V., Nauka, Moscow, 119–131, 1976 \mbox(in Russian). Koz'min. B. M., Imaev, V. S., Imaeva, L. P., Fujita, K., Chung, W.-Y., and Gao, H.: Seismicity and active faults of the eastern Siberian platform, EOS T. Am. Geophys. Un., 77(46), suppl., p F521, 1996. Kroeger, G. C.: Synthesis and Analysis of Teleseismic Body Wave Seismograms, Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, Stanford, 1987. Krylov, I. I.: Geological factors in the course changes of a system of river valleys in mountain regions (exemplified by the headwaters of the Kolyma and Indigirka Rivers), Sov. Hydrol., Selected Papers, 6, 562–565, 1971. Lander, A. V.: Anomalous phenomena in surface waves in northeast Eurasia and their relation to the region of the Moma rift, Quant. Seismol., 16, 124–150, 1984. Lander, A. V., Levshin, A. L., Ratnikova, L. I., and Yakobson, A. N.: Characteristics of the structure of north Eurasia at depth as indicated by surface seismic wave data, Dokl. Earth Sci., 285, 33–36, 1985. Layer, P., Parfenov, L. M., Surnin, A. A., and Timofeyev, V. F.: First 40Ar–39Ar ages of igneous and metamorphic rocks from the Upper Yana-Kolyma Mesozoides, Dokl. Earth Sci., 330, 130–134, 1993. Lazareva, A. P. and Misharina, L. A.: Stresses in earthquake foci in the Arctic Seismic Belt, Izv.-Phys. Solid Eart+, 1965(2), 84–87, 1965. Leonova, V. V., Vol'f, Y. V., and Akinin, V. V.: Late Cenozoic alkali lavas from Viliga river area (Northern Priokhotie), in: Science in Northeast Russia at the Beginning of the Century, edited by: Chereshnev, I. A., SVKNII DVO RAN, Magadan, 109–11, 2005 \mbox(in Russian). Levin, V., Shapiro, N., Park, J., and Ritzwoller, M.: Seismic evidence for catastrophic slab loss beneath Kamchatka, Nature, 418, 763–767, 2002. Mackey, K. G.: Seismological Studies in Northeast Russia, Ph.D. dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 1999. Mackey, K. G. and Fujita, K.: The northeast Russia seismicity database and explosion contamination of the Russian earthquake catalog, in: Proceedings of the 21$^st$ Seismic Research Symposium: Technologies for monitoring the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, US Department of Defense, 1, LA-UR-99-4700, 151–161, 1999. Mackey, K. G. and Fujita, K.: Event relocations and seismic calibration in northeast Russia, in: 22$^nd$ Annual DoD/DOE Seismic Research Symposium: Planning for Verification of and Compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), Proceedings, US Department of Defense, Dulles, VA, 2, 223–232, 2000. Mackey, K. and Fujita, K.: Seismic calibration and discrimination in northeast Russia, in: Proceedings of the 23$^rd$ Seismic Research Review: Worldwide Monitoring of Nuclear Explosions, National Nuclear Safety Administration, US Department of Energy, 1, 80–89, 2001. Mackey, K. G., Fujita, K., Gunbina, L. V., Kovalev, V. N., Imaev, V. S., Koz'min, B. M., and Imaeva, L. P.: Seismicity of the Bering Strait region: Evidence for a Bering Sea block, Geology, 25, 979–982, 1997. Mackey, K. G., Fujita, K., and Ruff, L. J.: The crustal thickness of northeast Russia, Tectonophysics, 284, 283–297, 1998. Mackey, K. G., Fujita, K., Gounbina, L., Koz'min, B., Imaev, V., Imaeva, L., and Sedov, B.: Explosion contamination of the northeast Siberian seismicity catalog: implications for natural earthquake distributions and the location of the Tanlu fault in Russia, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 93, 737–746, 2003a. Mackey, K. G., Fujita, K., Hartse, H. E., and Steck, L. K.: Seismic regionalization in northeast Russia, in: Proceedings of the 25$^th$ Seismic Research Review: Nuclear Explosion Monitoring: Building the Knowledge Base, National Nuclear Safety Administration and Department of Energy, 1, 73–82, 2003b. Mackey, K., Fujita, K., Hartse, H. E., Steck, L. K., Gounbina, L., Leyshuk, N., Shibaev, S., Koz'min, B., Imaev, V., Gordeev, E., Masalski, O., Gileva, N., Bormotov, V. A., and Voitenok, A. A.: Seismicity of Eastern Russia 1960–2004, LAUR-04-1381, 1 sheet, 2005. Mackey, K. G., Hampton, B. A., Fujita, K., Kurtkin, S., and Gounbina, L. V.: Active faulting along the Ulakhan Fault, Seimchan-Buyunda basin, northeast Russia, EOS T. Am. Geophys. Un., 88(52), suppl., T13D–1579, 2007. Mackey, K., Steck, L., Fujita, K., Hartse, H., and Stead, R.: Seismic characterization of northeast Asia, in: Proceedings of the 30$^th$ Monitoring Research Review - Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies, National Nuclear Security Administration and Air Force Research Laboratory, 1, 122-131, 2008. Mackey, K. G., Fujita, K., Sedov, B. M., Gounbina, L. V., and Kurtkin, S.: A seismic swarm in Neshkan, Chukotka, northeastern Russia and implications for the boundary of the Bering Plate, Stephan Mueller Spec. Publ. Ser., this volume, 2009. Mal'kov, B. I.: Scheme of development of the southeastern part of the Yana-Kolyma geosynclinal system, in Mesozoic Tectonogenesis, SVKNII DVO AN SSSR, Magadan, 43–50, 1971 \mbox(in Russian). McLean, M. S., Fujita, K., Mackey, K. G., Kleber, E., Koz'min, B. M., and Imaev, V. S.: The Ulakhan fault system, northeast Russia, EOS T. Am. Geophys. Un., 81(48), suppl., F1164, 2000. McMullen, C. A.: Seismicity and Tectonics of the Northeastern Sea of Okhotsk, M.S. thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 1985. Minster, J. B., Jordan, T. H., Molnar, P., and Haines, E.: Numerical modeling of instantaneous plate tectonics, Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. S., 36, 541–576, 1974. Misharina, L. A.: Stresses in the Earth's Crust in Rift Zones, Nauka, Moscow, 1967 \mbox(in Russian). Mushketov, I. and Orlov, A.: Catalog of Earthquakes of the Russian Empire, Tipografiya Imperatorskoi Akademii Nauk, Sankt Peterburg, 1893 \mbox(in Russian). Nokleberg, W. J., Parfenov, L. M., Monger, J. W. H., Norton, I. O., Khanchuk, A. I., Stone, D. B., Scotese, C. R., Scholl, D. W., and Fujita, K.: Phanerozoic tectonic evolution of the cicum-north Pacific, US Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap 1626, 2000. Odinets, M. G.: The problem of the contamination of the earthquake catalog of the Northeast with data on industrial explosions, in: Geophysical Models of Geological Processes in Northeastern Russia, edited by: Lin'kova, T. I. and Bobrovnikov, V. A., SVKNII DVO RAN, Magadan, 90–99, 1996 \mbox(in Russian). Okal, E. A. and Talandier, J.: Mm: A variable-period mantle magnitude, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 4169–4193, 1989. Olson, D. R.: The Eurasian – North American Plate Boundary Through the Area of the Laptev Sea, M.S. thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 1990. Paech, H.-J., Prokopiev, A. V., v. Gosen, W., Grinenko, O. V., Smetannikova, I., and Belolyubskij, I. N.: New results of the Moma rift system and coeval structures in Yakutia, Polarforschung, 68, 59–63, 1998 (issued 2000). Parfenov, L. M.: Tectonics of the Verkhoyansk-Kolyma Mesozoides in the context of plate tectonics, Tectonophysics, 199, 319–342, 1991. Parfenov, L. M., Koz'min, B. M., Imaev, V. S., Boldyrev, M. V., Bocharov, G. V., Grinenko, O. V., Dudko, E. A., Zamaraev, N. N., Imaeva, L. P., Petrov, A. F., and Suvorov, V. D.: Geodynamics of the Olekma-Stanovoi Seismic Zone, Yakutskii Filial SO AN SSSR, Yakutsk, 1985 \mbox(in Russian). Parfenov, L. M., Koz'min, B. M., Imayev, V. S., and Savostin, L. A.: The tectonic character of the Olekma-Stanovoy seismic zone, Geotectonics, 21, 560–572, 1987. Parfenov, L. M., Koz'min, B. M., Grinenko, O. V., Imaev, V. S., and Imaeva, L. P.: Geodynamics of the Chersky seismic belt, J. Geodyn., 9, 15–37, 1988. Pedoja, K., Bourgeois, J., Pinegina, T., and Higman, B.: Does Kamchatka belong to North America? An extruding Okhotsk block suggested by coastal neotectonics of the Ozernoi Peninsula, Kamchatka, Russia, Geology, 34, 353–356, 2006. Peltzer, G. and Tapponnier, P.: Formation and evolution of strike-slip faults, rifts, and basins during the India-Asia collision: an experimental approach, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 15 085–15 117, 1988. Piskarev, A. L., Roeser, H. A., Hinz, K., and Kos'ko, M. K.: Potential field studies on the crustal structure of the Laptev Sea and the western part of the East Siberian Sea, Polarforschung, 69, 41–50, 1999 (issued 2001). Prokop'ev, A. V.: Kinematics of Mesozoic Folding in the Western Part of the Southern Verkhoyansk, Yakutskii Nauchnyi Tsentr SO AN SSSR, Yakutsk, 1989 \mbox(in Russian). Rautian, T. G.: Attenuation of seismic waves and the energy of earthquakes I, Trudy Instituta Seismostoikogo Stroitel'stva i Seismologii Akademii Nauk Tadzhiksoi SSR, 7, 41–85, 1958 \mbox(in Russian). Rautian, T. G., Khalturin, V. I., Fujita, K., Mackey, K. G., and Kendall, A. G.: Origins and methodology of the Russian energy K-class system and its relationship to magnitude scales, Seismol. Res. Lett., 78, 579–590, 2007. Riegel, S. A.: Seismotectonics of Northeast Russia and the Okhotsk Plate, M.S thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 1994. Riegel, S. A., Fujita, K., Koz'min, B. M., Imaev, V. S., and Cook, D. B.: Extrusion tectonics of the Okhotsk plate, northeast Asia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 607–610, 1993. Rowley, D. B. and Lottes, A. L.: Plate-kinematic reconstructions of the North Atlantic and Arctic: Late Jurassic to Present, Tectonophysics, 155, 73–120, 1988. Rudich, K. N.: Late Quaternary volcano Balagan-Tas, in: Present-day Volcanism in Northeast Siberia, edited by: Rudich, K. N., Nauka, Moscow, 3–44, 1964 \mbox(in Russian). Savostin, L. A. and Baranov, B. V.: Interaction of the Amur and Okhotsk microplates near Sakhalin, Dokl. Earth Sci., 259, 61–64, 1981. Savostin, L. A. and Drachev, S. S.: Cenozoic compression in the vicinity of the Novosibirsky Islands and its relationship to the opening of the Eurasia basin, Oceanology, 28, 601–606, 1988. Savostin, L. A. and Karasik, A. M.: Recent plate tectonics of the Arctic basin and of northeastern Asia, Tectonophysics, 74, 111–145, 1981. Savostin, L. A., Verzhbitskaya, A. I., and Baranov, B. V.: Present-day tectonics of the Sea of Okhotsk plate region, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR+, 266, 961–965, 1982 \mbox(in Russian). Savostin, L., Zonenshain, L., and Baranov, B.: Geology and plate tectonics of the Sea of Okhotsk, Amer. Geophys. Un. Geodyn. Ser., 11, 189–221, 1983. Savostin, L. A., Karasik, A. M., and Zonenshayn, L. P.: The history of the opening of the Eurasia basin in the Arctic, Dokl. Earth Sci., 275, 79–83, 1985. Sella, G. F., Dixon, T. H., and Mao, A.: REVEL: A model for Recent plate velocities from space geodesy, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B4), 2081, doi:10.1029/2000JB000033, 2002. &#x015E;engör, A. M. C., Görür, N., and &#x015E;aro\vglu, F.: Strike-slip faulting and related basin formation in zones of tectonic escape: Turkey as a case study, Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineral. Spec. Publ. 37, 227–264, 1985. Seno, T., Sakurai, T., and Stein, S.: Can the Okhotsk plate be discriminated from the North American Plate?, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 11 305–11 315, 1996. Smirnov, V. N.: Orogenic Regions, northeast Eurasia, in: Neotectonics, Geodynamics, and Seismicity of Northern Eurasia, edited by: Grachev, A. F., PROBEL, Moscow, 120–133, 2000 \mbox(in Russian). Solov'ev, S. I., Oskorbin, L. S., and Ferchev, M. D.: Earthquakes of Sakhalin, Nauka, Moscow, 1967 \mbox(in Russian). Stauder, W.: The focal mechanism of earthquakes, Adv. Geophys., 9, 1–76, 1962. Steblov, G. M., Kogan, M. G., King, R. W., Scholz, C. H., Bürgmann, R., and Frolov, D. I.: Imprint of the North American plate in Siberia revealed by GPS, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(18), 1924, doi:10.1029/2003GL017805, 2003. Stein, S.: An earthquake swarm on the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge and its tectonic implications, Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. S., 55, 577–588, 1978. Stein, S. and Kroeger, G.: Estimating earthquake source parameters from seismological data, AMD, 42, 61–71, 1980. Surkov, V. S., Larichev, A. I., Starosel'tsev, V. S., Sal'nikov, A. S., Sobolev, P. N., Migurskii, A. V., Lipilin, A. V., Mikhailov, B. K., Volkov, S. V., Fel'dman, L. L., Suleimanov, A. K., and Yakovlev, A. G.: Preliminary geologic results along the Magadan section of the exploratory geophysical profile 2-DV (Koni Peninsula – Wrangel Island), in: Geodynamics, Magmatism and Mineragenesis of the Continental Margin of the Northern Pacific, edited by: Goncharov, V. I., SVKNII DVO RAN, Magadan, 1, 72–75, 2003 \mbox(in Russian). Suvorov, V. D. and Kornilova, Z. A.: Thickness of the Earth's crust in the southeastern Verkhoyask-Kolyma fold system (according to near earthquakes), Tikhookean. Geol., 1986(4), 32–36, 1986 \mbox(in Russian). Tapponnier, P., Peltzer, G., Le Dain, A. Y., Armijo, R., and Cobbold, P.: Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia: new insights from simple experiments with plasticine, Geology, 10, 611–616, 1982. Tarr, A. C.: New maps of polar seismicity, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 60, 1745–1747, 1970. Vazhenin, B. P.: Paleo-seismodislocations in the Chersky seismic belt, in: Seismologic and Petrophysical Investigations in Northeast Russia, edited by: Lin'kova, T. I., SVKNII DVO RAN, Magadan, 79–102, 1992 \mbox(in Russian). Vazhenin, B. P.: Principles, Methods and Results of Paleoseismological Investigations in Northeast Russia, SVKNII DVO RAN, Magadan, 2000 \mbox(in Russian). Vinnik, L. P. and Yegorkin, A. V.: Wave fields and lithosphere-asthenosphere models from seismic observation data in Siberia, Dokl. Earth Sci., 250, 11–15, 1982. Vinogradov, A. P. (Ed.): Atlas of the Lithological-Paleogeographical Maps of the USSR, GUGK Ministerstva Geologii SSSR, Moscow, 55 sheets, 1967 \mbox(in Russian). Vinogradov, V. A., Kogan, A. L., and Shimaraev, V. N.: Results of regional seismic investigations in the southeastern part of the Laptev Sea, Geol. Geofiz., 33(6), 113–118, 1992 \mbox(in Russian). Vladimirova, L. V., Vorob'eva, L. A., Efremova, L. V., Smirnov, V. N., Chepkunas, L. S., Shurshikov, V. S., and Yugova, R. S.: Kupka earthquake of 8 November, 1981, in: Seismic Processes in the Northeast USSR, edited by: Izmailov, L. I. and Lin'kova, T. I., SVKNII DVO AN SSSR, Magadan, 39–53, 1984 \mbox(in Russian). Vogt, P. R., Taylor, P. T., Kovacs, L. C., and Johnson, G. L.: Detailed aeromagnetic investigation of the Arctic basin, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 1071–1089, 1979. Voskresenskii, S. S., Kolosova, G. N., Polosukhina, Z. M., and Postolenko, G. A.: Paleogeography of the Seimchan-Buyunda basin in the Neogene and Quaternary periods, Vestn. Mosk. U. Geogr., 1973(6), 53–63, 1973 \mbox(in Russian). Wilson, J. T.: Hypothesis of Earth's behaviour, Nature, 198, 925–929, 1963. Worrall, D. M., Kruglyak, V., Kunst, F., and Kuznetsov, V.: Tertiary tectonics of the Sea of Okhotsk, Russia: Far–field effects of the India-Eurasia collision, Tectonics, 15, 813–826, 1996. Yudin, S. S. and Izmailov, L. I.: The Chelomdzha-Yamsk deep fault, Dokl. Earth Sci., 166, 93–95, 1966. Zobin, V. M. and Simbireva, I. G.: Focal mechanisms of earthquakes in the Kamchatka-Commander region and heterogeneities of the active seismic zone, Pure Appl. Geophys., 115, 284–299, 1977. Zonenshayn, L. P., Natapov, L. M., Savostin, L. A., and Stavskii, A. P.: Recent plate tectonics of northeastern Asia in connection with the opening of the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean basins, Oceanology, 18, 550–555, 1978.